PV (Power-Voltage) curve analysis examines how bus voltages respond to incremental increases in active power injections. This analysis identifies the maximum power transfer limit and voltage collapse margins by plotting active power against voltage at specific buses. It highlights weak areas in the network prone to voltage instability under increasing load or generation stress. QV (Reactive Power-Voltage) curve analysis focuses on reactive power support required to maintain voltage within acceptable limits. By injecting or absorbing reactive power at specific buses and observing voltage changes, it reveals the system’s voltage sensitivity and strength. Together, these analyses provide a comprehensive view of voltage stability, guiding decisions on reactive power compensation and system reinforcements.

Steady-state contingency analysis simulates outages such as loss of transmission lines, transformers, or generators to evaluate system performance under stressed conditions. N-1 analysis considers the removal of a single element to assess whether the system can operate within thermal and voltage limits, while N-k extends this to multiple simultaneous outages for more severe scenarios. This process uncovers vulnerabilities and potential overloads, informing the need for upgrades or control modifications. By ensuring the system can withstand realistic failure events without widespread disruptions, contingency analysis supports both operational reliability and long-term transmission planning.

Stability analysis assesses the power system’s ability to maintain steady operation after disturbances. Small-signal stability examines system response to minor perturbations, identifying oscillatory modes and the risk of sustained oscillations that may impact reliability. Early detection allows for tuning of power system stabilizers and control adjustments. Transient stability evaluates the system’s capacity to maintain synchronism following large disturbances such as faults or generator trips. Using time-domain simulations, it observes rotor angles and voltages during the event. These studies ensure the system can recover without cascading failures, critical for secure and robust grid operation.

Short-circuit studies calculate fault currents arising from various fault types including three-phase, line-to-ground, and line-to-line faults. By modeling worst-case scenarios at different network locations, these studies determine the magnitude and duration of fault currents affecting equipment and protection systems. The results guide selection and rating of circuit breakers, relays, and other protective devices, ensuring they can safely interrupt faults. They also support protection coordination and help identify necessary upgrades when integrating new generation or loads, enhancing system safety and compliance.

Time-domain simulations solve differential and algebraic equations representing dynamic behaviours of generators, inverters, controls, and network components. They track system variables such as voltage and frequency in real time during faults, load changes, or renewable fluctuations, capturing nonlinear and time-dependent interactions. These simulations validate system stability, protection and control scheme performance, and grid code compliance. They are essential for testing fault ride-through capabilities, inverter responses, and tuning controllers to ensure predictable, resilient system behaviour.

Reactive power and voltage control studies evaluate the balance of reactive power and its impact on voltage stability. These analyses identify where voltage support is needed under various loading, seasonal, and contingency conditions to maintain power quality across the grid. Our solutions involve optimizing placement and sizing of reactive devices like shunt capacitors and SVCs, along with transformer tap settings and inverter capabilities. By designing static and dynamic control strategies, we enhance grid stability, reduce losses, and meet interconnection standards.

Transfer capability analysis determines how much power can safely flow across the transmission network. Total Transfer Capability (TTC) represents maximum power under ideal conditions, while Available Transfer Capability (ATC) accounts for existing commitments and contingencies to show remaining capacity. Using Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs) and Outage Transfer Distribution Factors (OTDFs), we assess the impact of power transfers on individual lines during normal and outage scenarios. These studies pinpoint bottlenecks, guide reinforcements, and support market transparency and coordinated operations.

Reliability assessments evaluate whether the system has adequate generation, transmission capacity, and controls to meet demand reliably over time. They consider resource adequacy, reserve margins, and the system’s ability to handle outages and variability from renewables. Compliance with NERC Transmission Planning (TPL) and Protection and Control (PRC) standards is ensured through probabilistic and deterministic modeling. The results inform strategic investments and operational practices for a secure and resilient power grid.

Probabilistic and scenario-based studies address uncertainties like load growth, renewable variability, and outages by modeling numerous possible system conditions. Monte Carlo simulations estimate probabilities of constraint violations and reliability risks. Scenario analyses explore impacts of high renewables, extreme weather, fuel price changes, and policy shifts. These approaches help quantify risk, compare mitigation options, and build resilient, cost-effective power systems.

EMT studies model fast electromagnetic phenomena in modern grids, capturing switching transients, harmonics, and control interactions at sub-cycle timescales. This high-fidelity approach is vital for inverter-based resources, FACTS devices, and HVDC systems. Using tools like PSCAD and EMTP-RV, we analyze converter behaviours during faults and disturbances to validate protection schemes and control logic. EMT studies ensure stability and reliable integration of emerging grid technologies.